RML 9 inch 12 ton gun

The RML 9-inch guns Mark I – Mark VI were large rifled muzzle-loading guns of the 1860s used as primary armament on smaller British ironclad battleships and secondary armament on larger battleships, and also ashore for coast defence. It should not be confused with the RML 9-inch Armstrong Gun, used by the Dutch navy, the Spanish Navy, and other navies.

Design

The rifling was the Woolwich pattern of a relatively small number of broad, rounded shallow grooves : there were 6 grooves, increasing from 0 to 1 turn in 45 calibres (i.e. 405 in (1,030 cm)). Mark I, introduced in 1865, incorporated the strong but expensive Armstrong method of a steel A tube surrounded by multiple thin wrought-iron coils which maintained the central A tube under compression, and a forged steel breech-piece. 190 were made. Mark II in 1866 incorporated the modified Fraser design. This was an economy measure, intended to reduce the costs incurred in building to the Armstrong design. It incorporated fewer but heavier wrought-iron coils but retained the Armstrong forged breech-piece. 26 were made. Mark III in 1866–1867 eliminated the Armstrong forged breech piece and hence fully implemented the Fraser economy design. It consisted of only 4 parts : steel A tube, cascabel, B tube and breech coil. 136 were made. Mark IV, introduced 1869, and V incorporated a thinner steel A tube and 2 breech coils. The explanation for separating the heavy breech coil of Mk III into a coiled breech piece covered by a breech coil was "the difficulty of ensuring the soundness of the interior of a large mass of iron".

Mk VI high-angle gun

In the late 1880s and early 1890s a small number of guns were adapted as high-angle coast defence guns around Britain : known battery locations were Tregantle Down Battery at Plymouth, Verne High Angle Battery at Portland and Steynewood Battery at Bembridge on the Isle of Wight. The idea behind these high-angle guns was that the high elevation gave the shell a steep angle of descent and hence enabled it to penetrate the lightly armoured decks of attacking ships rather than their heavily armoured sides. To increase accuracy the old barrels were relined and given modern polygroove rifling : 27 grooves with a twist increasing from 1 turn in 100 calibres to 1 turn in 35 calibres after 49.5 in (126 cm). These guns fired a special 360 lb (160 kg) armour-piercing shell to a range of 10,500 yd (9.6 km) using a propellant charge of 14 lb (6.4 kg) Cordite Mk I size 7½, remained in service through World War I and were not declared obsolete until 1922. Some guns were bored out and relined in 10 in (25 cm) calibre. A battery of six such guns is known to have been mounted at Spy Glass Battery on the Rock of Gibraltar, and six guns at Gharghur, Malta.

== Ammunition == The projectiles of RML 9 in (23 cm) guns Marks I-V (the Woolwich rifled guns) had several rows of "studs" which engaged with the gun's rifling to impart spin. Sometime after 1878, "attached gas-checks" were fitted to the bases of the studded shells, reducing wear on the guns and improving their range and accuracy. Subsequently, "automatic gas-checks" were developed which could rotate shells, allowing the deployment of a new range of studless ammunition. Thus, any particular gun potentially operated with a mix of studded and studless ammunition. The Mark VI high-angle gun had polygroove rifling, and was only able to fire studless ammunition, using a different automatic gas-check from the one used with Marks I-V. The gun's primary projectile was Palliser shot or shell, an early armour-piercing projectile for attacking armoured warships. A large battering charge of 50 lb (23 kg) P (pebble) or 43 lb (20 kg) R.L.G. (rifle large grain) gunpowder was used for the Palliser projectile to achieve maximum velocity and hence penetrating capability. Common (i.e. ordinary explosive) shells and shrapnel shells were fired with the standard full service charge of 30 lb (14 kg) R.L.G. gunpowder or 33 lb (15 kg) P (pebble) gunpowder, as for these velocity was not as important.

== See also == List of naval guns

Surviving examples

Mark I Number 14, dated 1865 on Saint Helena Mark I Number 22 at Middle North Battery, Simon's Town, South Africa, and still being fired. Mark I Number 127 dated 1867, Castle Field, Wicklow Mark I Number 148 dated 1867, Fort St. Catherine, Bermuda Mark I guns at Apostles Battery, St Lucia Mark III and Mark IV guns Needles Old Battery, Isle of Wight, UK A Mark III gun from the Needles Old Battery, now outside Southsea Castle, Portsmouth, UK Mark III gun, ex-Needles battery, now at Hurst Castle, Hampshire, UK Mark III gun, ex-Needles battery, now at Fort Brockhurst, Hampshire, UK Mark III gun, ex-Needles battery, now at Fort Widley, Hampshire, UK Mark III Number 272 dated 1868, Alexander battery, St George, Bermuda Mark V gun, Harwich Redoubt, Essex, UK Mark V gun of 1872 at Whampoa, Kowloon, Hong Kong Mark V Number 589, dated 1872 on Saint Helena Mark V Number 592 at South Head, Sydney, Australia Mark V Number 650, dated 1877 at York Redoubt, Halifax, Canada MK I No. 1670 of 1867 at Fort Queenscliff, Victoria, Australia No.s 1679 & 1683 at The Strand, Williamstown, Victoria, Australia No.s 1669 & 1675 at Fort Gellibrand, Victoria, Australia at York Redoubt National Historic Site, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada A gun at The Citadel, Quebec, Canada

Notes

References

== Bibliography == Treatise on the construction and manufacture of ordnance in the British service. War Office, UK, 1877 Text Book of Gunnery, 1887. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE Deprecated link archived 4 December 2012 at archive.today Text Book of Gunnery, 1902. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE Deprecated link archived 12 July 2012 at archive.today Treatise on Ammunition. 2nd Edition 1877. War Office, UK. Archived 11 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Treatise on Ammunition, 4th Edition 1887. War Office, UK. Sir Thomas Brassey, The British Navy, Volume II. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 1882 I.V. Hogg & L.F. Thurston, British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914–1918. London: Ian Allan, 1972. Alexander Lyman Holley, A Treatise on Ordnance and Armor published by D Van Nostrand, New York, 1865 "High Angle Fire Mountings and Batteries" at Victorian Forts website " Handbook for the 9-inch rifled muzzle-loading gun of 12-tons Marks I to VIc", 1894, London. Published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office

External links

Diagram of gun on Moncrieff disappearing mounting, at Victorian Forts website Diagram of gun on Casemate A Pivot mounting, at Victorian Forts website Diagram of gun on C Pivot, at Victorian Forts website Diagram of gun on Dwarf A Pivot, at Victorian Forts website Diagram of gun on High Angle mounting, at Victorian Forts website