The Julang-1 (Chinese: 巨浪-1; pinyin: Jù Làng Yī; lit. 'Huge Wave-1', also known as the JL-1; NATO reporting name CSS-N-3) was China's first generation nuclear submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). The JL-1 and its warheads are believed to be retired and dismantled.
== History == On 26 March 1967, the National Defense Science and Technology Commission began working on the SLBM JL-1 (Julang, "Great Wave"). The Ninth Academy simultaneously conceptualized a smaller thermonuclear warhead for the missile. In 1970, the Ninth Academy completed a theoretical design for the thermonuclear warhead. The general designer of the missile was Huang Weilu, and Chen Deren (Chinese: 陈德仁, 1922 – 21 December 2007) served as his deputy. The missile was assembled at Factory 307 (now Nanjing Dawn Group [南京晨光集团]). The JL-1 was deployed on Xia class submarine in 1986. The Type 092 Xia class nuclear submarine has 12 launch tubes. The JL-1 was initially tested and deployed on the PLAN's modified Golf class SSB. The Golf has since been modified again for further testing of other missiles, such as the JL-2, which has test-launched multiple times with varying levels of success. The DF-21 appears to be a land-based version of the JL-1. A 2011 US Department of Defense described the operational status of the JL-1 as "questionable". As of 2018, the JL-1 and its warheads are believed to have been retired and dismantled.
== See also == JL-2 – (China) R-29 Vysota – (Soviet Union) R-29RM Shtil – (Soviet Union) R-29RMU Sineva – (Russia) R-29RMU2 Layner – (Russia) RSM-56 Bulava – (Russia) UGM-133 Trident II – (United States) M45 (missile) – (France) M51 (missile) – (France) K Missile family – (India) Pukguksong-1 – (North Korea) R-39 Rif – (Soviet Union) R-39M – (Russia)
References
Norris, Robert, Burrows, Andrew, Fieldhouse, Richard "Nuclear Weapons Databook, Volume V, British, French and Chinese Nuclear Weapons, San Francisco, Westview Press, 1994, ISBN 0-8133-1612-X Lewis, John Wilson and Xue Litai, "China's Strategic Seapower: The Politics of Force Modernization in the Nuclear Age," Stanford, 1994.