The First Fitna was the first civil war in the Islamic community. It led to the end of the Rashidun Caliphate and the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate. The civil war involved three main factions: the supporters of Ali, the fourth Rashidun caliph; the Uthmaniyya ; and, from 657 onward, the Kharijites, who seceded from Ali's camp following the arbitration at Siffin.